Peer-reviewed study
Walking, running, and cycling can shift a brain-health biomarker
Effects of three aerobic exercise modalities (walking, running, and cycling) on circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Last updated 2026-07-21
Source details
PubMed-linked study details.
- Authors
- Cheng et al.
- Journal
- Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2025.
- Identifiers
- PMID 41079996 · DOI 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1673786
Honest limits
What this study does not prove.
Circulating BDNF is a biomarker, not direct proof of sharper thinking or dementia prevention, and results differed across health groups.
Kris's practical takeaway
Here's what to do with it.
A cardio plan can support healthy aging without needing one perfect modality; walking, running, and cycling are all workable options when they fit the person.
What to remember
Three useful reminders.
Choose the cardio you can repeat
A biomarker is a clue, not a guaranteed brain outcome
Walking still belongs in the brain-health conversation
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